Aya İlk Yolculuğun Perde Arkası



Tarih 11 Aralık 1972’e işaret ederken, Apollo 17 aya ulaşmayı başarmıştı. Var olmuş bu vaziyet insanoğlunun son ay yolculuğu değildi elbet, ancak aya giden insanlı uzay araçları yönünden yörüngeden çıkılan son yolculuk olmuştur. Apollo 17 ay zeminine Orion kapsülünü iletmişti. Astronotlar kapsülden dışarı çıkıp çalışmalar yapmaya girişmişlerdi. Birden bire Apollo 17'den bir müddet sonra NASA insanlı ay araştırma çalışmalarını rafa kaldırdı. Peki, buna sebep neydi ?


Kumandan Eugene A. Cernan liderliğinde, ana kumanda da pilot olan Ronald E. Evans ve Ay modülü kaptanı Pilot ve bilim adamı Harrison P. Schmidt ile birlikte Apollo 17 ekibi, ay görevleri için ilk kez bir bilim adamıyla beraber yolculuk gerçekleştiriyorlardı. burdan çıkacak amaç, ay zemininde jeolojik çalışmlar ve bulgular elde etmek, Taurus Littow alanından birkaç örnek temin etmekti.

Schmidt ve Cernan Challenger isimli ay kapsülü Taurus - Littrow alanına inişi gerçekleşti. Bölgenin tüm amaç için gerekli örneklerin var olduğu bir yer olması ümit ediliyordu. Bir kaç saat sonrasında Cernan modülden çıkarak zemine indi. Daha sonra arkasından Schmidt zemine inişini gerçekleştirdi.

 


 

 

Astronotlar ay aracını modülden ayırdılar. Gerekli olan bütün bilimsel araçlar teker teker hazırlandı. Ay aracıyla yapılan ilk tur güzel geçmişti. Pek çok taş ve toprak örneği temin edildi. En baştaki inişi takip eden 2 gün süreyle astronotlar olağan görevler gerçekleştirerek planlarından sapmadan bir kaç ay turu daha yaparak bu işlemi sonlandırdılar.

Schmidt daha sonra başına gelenleri, "Bölgenin bilhassa seçilmiş olduğunu düşünüyorum. Örnekleri topladığımız alanda ki zemin yapısı ayın başka hiç bir bölgesinde ratlamadığımız bir yapıya mevcutdu. Tüm alan volkanik bazalt tipinde toprak ve kaya parçalarıyla doluydu. Çevremizdeki tepeler portakal renkli tuhaf bir toprak yapısıyla renklenmişti" diye sözlerini devam ettirmişti.


 

Uzaya niçin gidildi?

NASA uzay istasyonu, 1963 yılında ilk adımı gerçekleştirdiği Mercury Programı’nın başarılı olmasından sonra Apollo programlarını askıya almıştı. Ancak bu rastgele bir karar değildi. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın hemen sonrasında Rusya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri arasında başlamış olan rekabet ve casusluk savaşları doğrultusunda, her iki tarafında birbirlerini vuracak güçte uzun menzilli füzeler yapmaya başlamasıyla zirveye ulaşmıştı.

Gelişen soğuk savaş ve rekabet döneminin füzelerle süslü dönemine Uzay Yarışı adı konmuştu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği arasında 1957'den 1975'e kadar süren, resmî olmayan bu rekabet;  sovyet devletinin 4 Ekim 1957'de Sputnik 1 adlı ilk yapay uyduyu yörüngeye fırlatmasıyla patlak vermişti aslında.

 

Farklı Doğrular

Fakat bu bilinen köyün bir yüzüdü olan tarihtir. Gerçekte bu yarış bu tarihin biraz daha öncesine dayanır. Birleşik Devletler İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda bir kaç adet V' füzesi ele geçirmiş. Bu Alman V-2 roketleri eşliğinde uzaya meyve sinekleri ve  1946'da uzaya hayvan gönderimi yaparak ilk bilimsel çalışmalarına bu şekilde başlangıç sağlamıştı.



Fakat 1957'de Sovyet Sosyalitlerin Sputnik 2 uçuşu ile yörüngeye gönderilen ilk canlı Laika adındaki köpek olmuştur. O tarih içerisinde geri getirecek yeterli teknolojinin tam anlamıyla mevcut değildi. Bu sebeple Laika ilk uzay şehidi olarak sayılabilir. Laika, uzaya ulaştıktan bir müddet sonra aşırı sıcaklık ve stresten hayatını kaybetmiş oldu.

 



1960'ta gönderilen Belka ve Strelka ise başarıyla yörüngeye ulaşıp geri dönmeyi başaran ilk canlılar olarak adlarını bu dönüm noktasına yazdırdılar. Okyanusun öteki yakasında Amerika, Afrika'dan ithal etmiş olduğu şempanzeler ile uzaya insan göndermeden önce çalışmalar yapmayı sürdürüyordu.

 


 

 

NASA’nın devam eden zaferi

1966 yılında NASA tüm çalışmalarının meyvesini teker teker temin etti ve tüm ülke bütçesinin neredeyse yüzde 5’ine varan bir ödenekle Apollo projelerine girişti. Bu bütçenin hakkını Temmuz 1969 Apollo 11 ile aya ilk adım atarak vermeyi de başarmış oldu. Daha sonra diğer ülkelerden önce ilk insanlı uzay aracını göndererek tekrar geri dönmesini sağlayarak büyük bir sıçrama yapmış oldu.


 

Peki, öncelikler ne sebeple değişti?

Apollo 11’in başarısından hemen sonra NASA bir uzay istasyonu projesi üzerinde çalışmaya koyulmuştu bile. NASA, Skylab isimli bu proje dolayısıyla uçması planlanan 3 Apollo görevi daha olduğunu hemen duyurdu. Fakat, Apollo 15,16 ve 17 projeleri bütçe sebebiyle politik duvara takıldılar. Beyaz Saray Apollo 15 projesini hemen iptalini gerçekleştirdi. Ancak, kalan 2 görev halen çalışmasını devam ettiriyordu ki Harrison Schmidt Apollo 18 için eğitim görüyorken apollo 17 projesine yönlendirildi.

Tüm politik, mali ve manevi baskıların sonrasında 14 Aralık 1974 tarihinde Kumandan Eugene A. Cernan aya son ayak basan insan olarak tarihe adını kayıt ettirmiştir.

 

40 yılı aşmış bir dönemdir artık aya insan gönderilmiyor. Buna sebep olarak gösterilen bütçe açıkları, petrol krizleri, NASA program kısıtlamaları ve daha pek çok  mazeret ortaya konuldu. Fakat bu dönem süresince Uzay Mekiği programına da ağırlık veren NASA, Skylab projesini de raftan tekrar indirerek mekik programıyla paralel yürütmeye başlama kararı aldı.

 

Planları Bitiren Facia

Uzay mekiği programı Columbia başarıya sağlamıştı. Mekik tam anlamıyla yumuşak bir iniş yapma kapasitesine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştu ve NASA durumdan çok hoşnut idi. Harcanan bütçe tekrar boşa olmadığını göstermişti.

Ancak NASA'nın tüm uzay araştırmalarını rafa kaldırmasına neden olacak korkunç bir olay gerçekleşmişti. 28 Ocak 1986'da (Onuncu ve son uçuş) Challenger(2. mekik;birincisi columbia) kalkıştan 73 saniye sonra infilak etti ve 6 alanında profesyonel astronot ve bir öğretmenden oluşan yedi kişilik ekip hayatını kaybetnişti.

 

NASA şuan ne yapıyor

Apollo 17’den sonra aya daha insan göndermeyen NASA, gerçekleşen kazadan sonra uzun yıllar uzaya mekik de göndermedi. Bugün bütçesi hala yüksek olan NASA insansız uçuşlara daha fazla özen gösteriyor.

 


 

 

ISS programı, beş katılımcı uzay kuruluşu birlikteliğinde oluşturulmuş ortak bir çalışmanın  projesidir. NASA, Rusya Federal Uzay Ajansı, Japonya Uzay Araştırma Ajansı, Avrupa Uzay Ajansı ve Kanada Uzay Ajansı bu projede faal olarak görev alan kuruluşlardır.

 

Yazımızı Uzay çalışmalarından bir video sunrak son verelim.

Sağlıcakla Kalın Bilimle Kalın,

GncBYYN EKİBİ


 

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