22 Eylül 2016 Perşembe

Deri Hücreleri Sağlıklı Karaciğer Hücrelerine Başarıyla Dönüştürüldü!

Deri hücreleri insan karaciğeri hücrelerine dönüştürüldü, bu hücreler sadece bir organda değil; başka bir canlı türünün, örneğin karaciğer yetmezliği olan bir hayvanın içinde de işlevini sürdürebiliyor.

Deriden elde edilenler gibi kolayca bulunabilir hücrelerin pankreas ve hatta nöron gibi organ hücrelerine dönüşebilme kapasitesi büyük umut ve yankı yarattı. Yine de genel olarak şu ana kadar yapılanlar, organ yetmezliği olan bir vücuda nakledilebilecek olmaktan birkaç adım uzakta bulunuyor.

Gerekli adımlardan biri, vücuda nakledildiklerinde hücrelerin hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktır. Gladstone Enstitüsü ve San Fransisco California Üniversitesi’nden bir ekip, Nature dergisinde bu bağlamda başarı kazandıklarını ve deri hücrelerini asıl karaciğer hücrelerinden “neredeyse ayırt edilemez” olacak şekilde dönüştürdüklerini duyurdular.

Karaciğer, kendini yeniden oluşturabilen tek insan iç organı olduğu hâlde, bu kapasite sınırsız değildir. Milyonlarca insan çok fazla alkol kullanımı veya parasetamol doz aşımından hepatit C gibi hastalıklara kadar birçok nedenle karaciğer hasarına uğruyor. Nakledilecek karaciğer sayısı ise oldukça az.

UCSF’te farmasötik kimya profesörü olan, makalenin kıdemli yazarlarından Dr. Sheng Ding, önceki araştırmalarda deri hücrelerini pluripotent kök hücre benzeri bir duruma yeniden programlamaya, daha sonra da bunlardan karaciğer hücresi geliştirmeye çalıştıklarını söylüyor. Pluripotent kök hücreler, vücut hücrelerinin üç ana kategorisine de dönüşme potansiyeli olan hücrelerdir. Bununla birlikte pluripotent hücreler her zaman istenen organa geçiş yapamazlar. Ding şunları söylüyor:

“Uyarılmış pluripotent kök hücreler denen bu hücreleri oluşturmak ve sonra onları karaciğer hücrelerine dönüştürmek, her zaman tam bir dönüşüm ile sonuçlanmıyordu. Bu nedenle biz de bu deri hücrelerini tekrar en başa, pluripotent kök hücre benzeri bir duruma götürmektense belki ara bir aşamaya döndürebileceğimizi düşündük.”

Endoderm denen bu ara aşamadaki hücreler, vücudun ana organlarını oluşturan parçalar olma yolundadır. UCSF’te bilim insanı ve makalenin diğer başyazarı Dr. Milad Rezvani konuyla ilgili şunları söylüyor:

“Hücreler, karaciğer hücreleri şeklini almaya, hatta olağan karaciğer hücre işlevlerini yerine getirmeye başladı. Henüz olgunlaşmış değildi, fakat oraya doğru ilerliyordu.”

Makale yazarlarına göre, canlı hayvanlara nakledildiğinde hücrelerin hızla çoğalamaması: “Farelerde insan karaciğer hastalıkları yaratma çabalarını engelledi;” Sonuç olarak farelere hücre nakletme, sadece insanlar için yaşam kurtaran nakiller yolunda bir atlama taşı değil, aynı zamanda daha iyi araştırma araçlarına ulaşmak için de bir yoldu.

Nakilden dokuz ay sonra hücreler işlevini yerine getirmeye ve fare karaciğerlerinde gelişmeye devam etti, bu da bize bu hücrelerin normalde fare karaciğerlerinde üretilmeyen insan proteinleri varlığıyla faal olduklarını gösterdi.
UCSF Karaciğer Merkezi direktör yardımcısı Dr. Willenbring şunları ekledi:



“Cevaplanmadık birçok soru var, fakat bu hücrelerin nakil sonrası aylarca tamamen olgunlaşmaya ve gelişmeye devam ettikleri gerçeği, fazlasıyla umut verici. Kullandığımız teknik, gelecekte; organı tamamen değişmesi gerekmeyen veya sınırlı organ bağışçısı bulunması nedeniyle nakil yaptıramayan karaciğer yetmezliği hastaları için bir seçenek olabilir.”



Çevirenler: Şule Ölez ve Övgü Kayadelen Ulusoy (Evrim Ağacı)

 

Kaynak: IFLS

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